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Short-term
Memory:
One of the
most influential models in the study of short-term memory is Baddeley's
(1986) working memory framework, which is widely used in developmental
dyslexia and ADHD research. This model has three main components: the
central executive (CE) and two subsidiary systems, the phonological loop
(PL) and the visuospatial sketchpad (VSS). The PL is responsible for the
temporary storage and maintenance of verbal and auditory information,
using a phonological store and a subvocal rehearsal mechanism. The
phonological similarity effect demonstrates the phonological store's
efficiency, as rhyming words are more difficult to recall than
non-rhyming words due to the use of phonological codes. The word length
effect highlights the subvocal rehearsal mechanism, demonstrating that
shorter words are easier to recall
longer words are more likely to decay. Although the exact nature of the
mechanism is debated, it is still widely accepted in the literature. The
VSS, which handles visual and spatial information, is likely made up of
separate subcomponents for static and dynamic spatial tasks. The central
executive, which supervises and coordinates these systems, is the most
contentious component, with ongoing debate over its specific functions
and nature. (Michelle Y. Kibby, 1968)
Long-term Memory:
Long-term memory is an important part of our cognitive architecture
because it allows us to store information for long periods of time,
ranging from days to a lifetime. This type of memory is distinguished
from short-term or working memory by its large capacity and the
persistence of the stored information. Long-term memory can be
classified into two types: declarative (explicit) memory and
non-declarative (implicit) memory. Declarative memory is divided into
two types: episodic memory, which refers to personal experiences and
specific events in time, and semantic memory, which refers to general
knowledge and facts about the world. Non-declarative memory includes
procedural memory, which is responsible for skills and habits, as well
as non-conscious learning such as conditioned responses and priming
effects.
According to research, long-term memory
is a dynamic system that is constantly updated and reorganized, rather
than a static repository. This plasticity enables the integration of new
information with existing knowledge, which improves learning and
adaptability. However, it also implies that memories are prone to
distortion and forgetting. Age, cognitive health, and the presence of
neurological conditions can all have an impact on how well long-term
memory processes work. (A.Bennun, 2022)
Conscious Memory:
Conscious memory, also known as explicit memory, involves the intentional
and aware recall of information, events, and experiences. This type of
memory is critical for many aspects of daily life, enabling us to
remember facts, understand language, and recall personal experiences.
Conscious memory is divided into two main categories: episodic memory
and semantic memory.